Sharing a dirty cell with a dozen others, constant sleep deprivation, cells with lights on 24-hours a day; poor hygiene and forced labour. These are some of what prisoners in Chinese jails are subjected to, according to Australian citizen Matthew Radalj, who spent five years at the Beijing No 2 prison – a facility used for international inmates.
Radalj, who is now living outside China, has decided to go public about his experience, and described undergoing and witnessing severe physical punishment, forced labour, food deprivation and psychological torture.
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"I was in really bad shape when I arrived. They beat me for two days straight in the first police station that I was in. I hadn't slept or eaten or had water for 48 hours and then I was forced to sign a big stack of documents," said Radalj of his introduction to imprisonment in China, which began with his arrest on 2 January, 2020.
The former Beijing resident claims he was wrongfully convicted after a fight with shopkeepers at an electronics market, following a dispute over the agreed price to fix a mobile phone screen.
He claims he ended up signing a false confession to robbery, after being told it would be pointless to try to defend his innocence in a system with an almost 100% criminal conviction rate and in the hope that this would reduce the time of his incarceration.
Court documents indicate that this worked at least to some extent, earning him a four-year sentence.
Once in prison, he said he first had to spend many months in a separate detention centre where he was subjected to a more brutal "transition phase".
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During this time prisoners must follow extremely harsh rules in what he described as horrific conditions.
"We were banned from showering or cleaning ourselves, sometimes for months at a time. Even the toilet could be used only at specific allotted times, and they were filthy - waste from the toilets above would constantly drip down on to us."
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The "good behaviour points system" [...] was a way – at least in theory – to reduce your sentence.
Prisoners could obtain a maximum of 100 good behaviour points per month for doing things like studying Communist Party literature, working in the prison factory or snitching on other prisoners. Once 4,200 points were accumulated, they could in theory be used to reduce prison time.
If you do the maths, that would mean a prisoner would have to get maximum points every single month for three-and-half years before this could start to work.
Radalj said that in reality it was used as a means of psychological torture and manipulation.
He claims the guards would deliberately wait till an inmate had almost reached this goal and then penalise them on any one of a huge list of possible infractions which would cancel out points at the crucial time.
These infractions included - but were not limited to - hoarding or sharing food with other prisoners, walking "incorrectly" in the hallway by straying from a line painted on the ground, hanging socks on a bed incorrectly, or even standing too close to the window.
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Former British prisoner Peter Humphrey, who spent two years in detention in Shanghai, said his facility had a similar points calculation and reduction system which was manipulated to control prisoners and block sentence reductions.
"There were cameras everywhere, even three to a cell," he said. "If you crossed a line marked on the ground and were caught by a guard or on camera, you would be punished. The same if you didn't make your bed properly to military standard or didn't place your toothbrush in the right place in the cell.
"There was also group pressure on prisoners with entire cell groups punished if one prisoner did any of these things."
One ex-inmate told the BBC that in his five years in prison, he never once saw the points actually used to mitigate a sentence.
Radalj said that there were a number of prisoners - including himself - who didn't bother with the points system.
So authorities resorted to other means of applying psychological pressure.
These included cutting time off monthly family phone calls or the reduction of other perceived benefits.
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But the most common daily punishment involved the reduction of food.
The BBC has been told by numerous former inmates that the meals at Beijing's No 2 prison were mostly made up of cabbage in dirty water which sometimes also had bits of carrot and, if they were lucky, small slivers of meat.
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To make things worse, they were made to work on a "farm", where they did manage to grow a lot of vegetables, but were never allowed to eat them.
Radalj said the farm was displayed to a visiting justice minister as an example of how impressive prison life was.
But, he said, it was all for show.
"We would be growing tomatoes, potatoes, cabbages and okra and then – at the end of the season – they would push it all into a big hole and bury it," he added.
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Another prisoner said they would occasionally suddenly receive protein, like a chicken leg, to make their diet look better when officials visited the prison.
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"You start to go crazy, whether you like it or not, and that's what solitary is designed to do… So you've got to decide very quickly whether your room is really, really small, or really, really big.
"After four months, you just start talking to yourself all the time. The guards would come by and ask 'Hey, are you okay?'. And you're like, 'why?'. They replied, 'because you're laughing'."
Then, Radalj said, he would respond, in his own mind: "It's none of your business."
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Another feature of Chinese prison life, according to Radalji, was the fake "propaganda" moments officials would stage for Chinese media or visiting officials to paint a rosy picture of conditions there.
He said, at one point, a "computer suite" was set up. "They got everyone together and told us that we'd get our own email address and that we would be able to send emails. They then filmed three Nigerian guys using these computers."
The three prisoners apparently looked confused because the computers were not actually connected to the internet - but the guards had told them to just "pretend".
"Everything was filmed to present a fake image of prisoners with access to computers," Radalj said.
But, he claims, soon after the photo opportunity, the computers were wrapped up in plastic and never touched again.
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Radalj said many of the prisoners had no way of letting their families know they were in jail.
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[After he was released from prison], just before he had boarded the plane in Beijing a policeman who had escorted him to the gate had used Radalj's boarding pass to buy duty free cigarettes for his mates.
"He said don't come back to China. You're banned for 10 years. And I said 'yeah cool. Don't smoke. It's bad for your health'".
The officer laughed.
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