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Few topics in cycling inspire as much controversy as helmets. Some people insist they’re essential, calling non-wearers reckless and invoking harsh and violent imagery: “enjoy your traumatic brain injury”. “You’ll regret it when you’re in a hospital with a feeding tube”. You hear suggestions of denying access to public healthcare. On the opposite end, helmet skeptics argue that they’re a distraction. I’ve actually heard people call them “magic hats” that “don’t offer significant protection (if any at all)”. Helmets dehumanize cyclists and send the wrong message. They’re dorky and uncool, rather than fashionable and European.

So what’s the truth about helmets?

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References:

1. Protection provided

Bicycle helmets – To wear or not to wear? A meta-analyses of the effects of bicycle helmets on injuries (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0001457518301301)

2. Risk compensation

Drivers overtaking bicyclists: Objective data on the effects of riding
position, helmet use, vehicle type and apparent gender (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0001457506001540)
Bicycle helmet wearing is associated with closer overtaking by drivers: A response to Olivier and Walter, 2013 (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0001457518309928)
Emotional reactions to cycle helmet use (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0001457512001169)
Risk compensation theory and bicycle helmets – Results
from an experiment of cycling speed and short-term effects
of habituation (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1369847816305666)
Risk compensation? – The relationship between helmet use and cycling
speed under naturalistic conditions (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0022437517307302)
Bicycle helmets and risky behaviour: A systematic review (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1369847818305941)

3. Level of risk
   Sport-related major trauma incidence in young people and adults in England and Wales: a national
   registry-based study (https://injuryprevention.bmj.com/content/injuryprev/30/1/60.full.pdf)
   Active Living and Injury Risk (https://www.thieme-connect.de/products/ejournals/abstract/10.1055/s-2004-819935)
   Epidemiology of injury in professional cyclists (https://bjsm.bmj.com/content/44/Suppl_1/i4.2)

4. Discouraging cycling
   Do the Health Benefits of Cycling Outweigh the Risks? (https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2920084/)
   Bicycle helmet research [CARRS-Q Monograph Series - Monograph 5] (https://eprints.qut.edu.au/41798/)
   The effects of provincial bicycle helmet legislation on
   helmet use and bicycle ridership in Canada (https://injuryprevention.bmj.com/content/16/4/219)
   Recommend or mandate? A systematic review and meta-analysis of the
   effects of mandatory bicycle helmet legislation (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S000145751830397X)
   Helmet law makes nonsense of bike hire scheme
   (https://www.theage.com.au/national/victoria/helmet-law-makes-nonsense-of-bike-hire-scheme-20100722-10my2.html)

5. Dehumanization
   The effect of safety attire on perceptions of cyclist dehumanisation (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1369847823001018#b0200)

6. Claims bike helmets don't help
   https://www.cnet.com/science/brain-surgeon-theres-no-point-wearing-cycle-helmets/
   https://www.rwcpulse.com/blogs/peeking-at-plans/2023/09/25/bike-helmets-01/

7. Dutch statistics
   https://swov.nl/en/fact-sheet/cyclists
   https://www.veiligheid.nl/sites/default/files/2022-06/Rapportage%20%28Snor-%20en%20brom%29fietsongevallen%20in%20Nederland.pdf (English summary included)