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Lichen
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A community for lichen enthusiasts to post photos, questions or to discuss the science of lichenology.
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About two years ago I wanted to learn more about lichen. Since I cultivate mushrooms as hobby, I figured that attempting to isolate the wild lichen symbionts and then re-synthesizing the lichen would be a good way to learn about them. The experiment was not successful, in part because it is a long process and at one stage I did not give it the attention it needed. But at least I can share a bit of the process and observation.
Near where I live I can easily find Oakmoss (Evernia prunastri) and the Yellow Wall Lichen (Xanthoria parietina).
I collected small samples of each and placed very small pieces of them into many agar dishes. The idea here is that, coming from a wild source, contaminants will be present for sure. The process of isolation is an iterative process in which you observe the growth on the plate, pick out a small region where your target organism is growing strongly, and then move it into another plate.
This is an agar plate into which pieces of Evernia were added:
In this image you can see that there is a wedge with fluffy white mycelium, which was consistent with the morphology for the mycelium of this species as described in the literature. So, I would pick a tiny piece from this region and transfer into a new plate, to obtain a clean mycelium after 1 or 2 transfers:
This process was also performed for Xanthoria parietina.
After this step, I had plates with "clean" mycelium but not yet confirmation that the mycelium was truly the lichen's mycobiont. That is when microscopic identification comes into play. I was especially happy with the microscopic images I was able to get of the Xanthoria because they clearly show structures that are very characteristic structure of "septate, pluricellular, branched hyphae" described in the literature.
At this point I now had the fungal component isolated in agar plates. This was for me the easy part because I am familiar with growing mushrooms. But to build a lichen we need two parts: a fungus and an algae.
From a search I could find that both lichen species may use algae of the genus Trebouxia as a symbiont. I placed small pieces of each lichen into water and made the following observations:
- When placed in water, some of the algal cells become dislodged and float away
Photo: Algal cells floating away from a piece of Evernia prunastri
- The algal cells can be seen held loosely in between the hyphae, rather than incorporated into the hyphal structure
Photo: Algal cells loosely bound to the hyphae of Evernia prunastri
Photo: Cluster of algal cells bound to the surface of a hypha of Xanthoria parietina
- Both species contained algar with similar if not identical round morphologies
Photo: Individual algal cell released from Xanthoria parietina
- The round morphology is consistent with Trebouxia
.... So, at this point I had successfully isolated the fungal partner and had some evidence to suggest that the binding between the fungus and the algae is loose. Since I saw that the algae could be released from a lichen, an easy thing try was to attempt to transfer the algae from a living lichen to the mycelium culture.
This is a photo of that attempt. Small pieces of wild Evernia were placed on top of a mycelium culture that was already several weeks old.
This... Did not work at all. The culture eventually became contaminated and was thrown away.
The next attempt was to try to grow the algae separately. One method was to place the wild lichen into agar dishes with no added nutrients end expose the dishes to the sun. The logic here is that the algae will survive from photosynthesis while the rest of the species do not have the nutrients to thrive on. I tried this on about 15 plates, different light conditions, but nothing grew other than a few weakly growing contaminants in some of the dishes...
Another method was to place the lichen into a glass jars filled with water and place those by the window at different levels of shade.
In the meantime, I decided to grow "grain spawn" jars out of the mycobiont thinking that this would give me a lot of material to work with once the algae grew. Both fungi did colonize the grain well. However, those jars were abandoned and eventually, after several months of storage, became contaminated and I had to toss them away.
It has been almost two years and I just had a look now at how the algae in jars are doing.
In the Xanthoria jar I can see significant algal growth. As for the Evernia, the algae did not make it but it looks like the mycelium did, as it has created a floating white blob.
A few months after having the algae jar sitting by the window I analyzed the mixture under the microscope and did observe a large amount of Trebouxia.
Right now I have checked another sample, and, while I do see what looks like a bit of Trebouxia (marked with a red arrow), unfortunately most of the mixture now consists of other unidentified algal species. Since Trebouxia is not the dominant species, it would probably be easier to re-isolate the algae from the wild instead of trying to isolate it from this mixture.
I will give it a second try, and this time I will place more emphasis on culturing the algae first and keeping the cultures healthy and pure.
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