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Such ideas are a core principle of European Union law:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subsidiarity_%28European_Union%29
Not true, member states cannot override EU directives, which is what the question asks. The subsidiarity is basically that if there's no EU rule for , the national law applies.
Basically what US has, except EU has less laws (and intends to keep it that way).
They can't on paper but they actually do it all the time
I mean, yeah, but if you need to go to various legal hacks for help, it's not exactly a feature of the system.
Edit: If anyone's interested in a legal hack my country came up with, when gun ownership was being banned for individuals, we put it in our constitution - EU law is above local laws, but not above constitution.
You're probably looking for federal systems like Germany, USA, Switzerland
a place where nationwide laws are defaults, but smaller hierarchies can pass laws to supercede the higher defaults?
Hm... that kinda doesn't seem too useful, no? What would even be the point of the higher government if you can just completely ignore them locally?
Defense, foreign relations, cross-jurisdiction crime, the usual things. But civil law and local criminal policy overridden locally, if voters desire?
I guess I'm thinking about a situation where let's say one region wants to trade with some other country, and another doesn't like that, then tough luck. Or same sex marriage, vehicle emissions rules, etc. That sort of thing. Seems like in places such as the US, voters from the other side of the country can override what your local citizens want if they get enough other external voters to side with them.
Maybe something like https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Articles_of_Confederation previously in the US?
the Congress observed them as it conducted business during the American Revolution (defense), directing the Revolutionary War effort, conducting diplomacy with foreign states (foreign relations), addressing territorial issues (cross-jurisdiction crime)
I could see it being used in situations where not all of the larger government's territory was filled by smaller governments.
The UN