Without human feedback
I've identified the problem.
code that solves the immediate problem but tends to accumulate “design debt” over time
If by immediate you mean "this prompt" and by over time you mean "fifteen minutes from now," yes. AI requires human input to build anything durable or valuable.
The problem isn't in the coding, but the understanding of the context coding happens in. Code has to be secure. It has to be maintainable. It has to be extensible. It has to solve a business need. It generally should contribute to the long-term vision. It exists within an environment of competing and cross-cutting interests. It has to align with priorities.
Writing code is a very human endeavor. Solving one business need with 1k lines of code is easy. Doing it within an enterprise that exists beyond just that one need is not.