Bampot

But Europa has a surprise. Tidal forces from Jupiter stretch and squeeze Europa on its elliptical orbit. This heats the interior, keeping it molten. And so you have a molten interior and a frozen exterior, which means in the middle you have an ocean. A globe-spanning liquid water ocean. An ocean with more water than the Earth has. An ocean that is completely and totally alien to anything we experience or encounter on the Earth: forever blocked from sunlight, with a depth reaching up to a hundred kilometers.

Life as we know it needs water, and Europa's got that in spades. But life needs much, much more than water, which is where we start running into trouble with this little Moon. First is an energy source. Sunlight is definitely not going to be an option here. But while the vast majority of life on Earth ultimately derives its energy from the Sun, there are other creatures that don't.

For Europa, the closest analogs we can find are the deep-sea hydrothermal vents. These are fissures ithe ocean floor where super-heated, mineral rich gases escape into the ocean. At the bottom of the food chain here are chemosynthetic microorganisms, that get their energy from inorganic compounds, like hydrogen sulfide and ammonia. From there, you can entire communities like tube worms and crabs that are totally fine living life without the Sun.

Researchers in Peru have announced the discovery of more than 100 previously unknown archaeological structures at Gran Pajatén, a pre-Columbian settlement in the remote reaches of the Andes Mountains.

Located roughly 300 miles north of Lima in Río Abiseo National Park, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, the Gran Pajatén complex contains remnants of the Chachapoya civilization, which thrived in the northeast Andes between the 9th and 16th centuries, until it was conquered by the Inca Empire.

Sites like Gran Pajatén—all but inaccessible to modern visitors and researchers because of its remote location, high altitude and dense foliage—helped earn the Chachapoya the nickname “Warriors of the Clouds” and resist Inca colonization for longer than other groups.

That remoteness has also contributed to an air of mystery around the Chachapoya civilization.

Given the urgency of addressing the climate and biodiversity crises, the world can’t wait another decade to fix the problems humans have created. Ocean life is too precious and important to lose, and shifts in the chemical and physical environments of the sea, once made, will be irreversible on timescales of centuries to millennia.

Two weeks prior to her death, she had experienced two traumatic incidents, leading to over 50 individual signs of injury across her body. The first trauma incident resulted in hairline fractures in both her scapulae (shoulder blades); similar fractures on the scapula and spine are observed as a result of motor vehicle collisions. It is possible that for a 9th-century woman, these injuries were induced by beatings or floggings.

The second suite of injuries occurred on her torso and skull and were likely inflicted using blunt objects or a series of kicks and punches, akin to torture beatings.

A final, precise blow to the left side of her head resulted in her death.

Early Medieval England was a time of change regarding law codes—the law code of Æthelberht (c. 589–616) did not include corporal punishment, but that of Wihtred of Kent (690–725) outlined specific punishments, for instance, beatings for those who could not pay fines.

Capital punishments were also included when willed by the king. As time passed, more crimes were associated with the death penalty under King Alfred (871–899). Crimes such as theft, treason, witchcraft, and sorcery could be met with the death penalty, which could be brought about by stoning or drowning.

In the Problemata, a text contentiously credited to Aristotle, the philosopher tells how his student Alexander the Great descends to the depths of the sea in “a very fine barrel made entirely of white glass”, as a later poet would put it. The reasons for this descent differ across time. For some, it was to scout submarine defenses surrounding the city of Tyre during its siege. Others depict the Macedonian king met with a cruel vision of the great chain of being, stating, upon resurfacing, that “the world is damned and lost. The large and powerful fish devour the small fry”.

In one particularly elaborate version, Alexander submerges with companions — a dog, cat, and cock — entrusting his life to a mistress who holds the cord used to retrieve the bathysphere. However, during his dive, she is seduced by a lover and persuaded to elope, dropping the chains that anchor Alexander and his animal companions to their boat. Through a gruesome utility, the pets help him survive: the cock keeps track of time in the lightless fathoms, the cat serves as a rebreather to purify the vessel’s atmosphere, and the poor hound’s body becomes a kind of airbag, propelling Alexander back to the sea’s surface.

Currently, the most effective tick repellents contain ingredients like DEET and permethrin, which are safe when used as directed but are not benign or ideal, and some people simply don't like to use them.

The sebaceous glands of horses and donkeys create secretions that keep their skin moist and include allomones, or chemical substances that affect the behavior of other plant and animal species. Previous research has shown that ticks that feed off horses but not donkeys will be repelled from horses when the horses' smell is masked using one of the compounds, known as (E)-2-octenal, secreted by donkey skin.

The rule is simple: in every region on Earth, most species cluster together in small "hotspot" areas, then gradually spread outward with fewer and fewer species able to survive farther away from these hotspots.

Given the vast differences in life strategies—some species fly, others crawl, swim, or remain rooted—and the contrasting environmental and historical backgrounds of each bioregion, the researchers expected that species distribution would vary widely across bioregions. Surprisingly, they found the same pattern everywhere.

The pattern points to a general process known as environmental filtering. Environmental filtering has long been considered a key theoretical principle in ecology for explaining species distribution on Earth.

Zimbabwe will cull dozens of elephants and distribute the meat for consumption to ease the ballooning population of the animals, its wildlife authority said Tuesday.

The southern Africa country is home to the second-biggest elephant population in the world after Botswana.

The cull at a vast private game reserve in the southeast would initially target 50 elephants, the Zimbabwe Parks and Wildlife Authority (ZimParks) said in a statement.

It did not say how many of the animals would be killed in total or over what period.

Thousands of former gold miners suffering from lung diseases such as silicosis and tuberculosis are still waiting for compensation years after applying to the Tshiamiso Trust.

The trust was set up after a class action settlement for miners who worked in South African gold mines and were exposed to silica dust.

The lawsuit incorporates former mineworkers from South Africa and the SADC region. The settlement covers those who worked between 1965 and 2019, but some families have lost hope.

A CNN investigation has found that in just five months, President Donald Trump dismantled the safety net that has for years protected miners from lung disease, aided those already afflicted and kept miners safe on the job.

Since January, “impact” inspections targeting mines with immediate dangers or the most troubling records of health and safety violations have dropped by 75 percent from the same period a year ago, according to data from the Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA). They are at their lowest level for any year with data available since such “impact” inspections began in 2010.

Terrestrial planets like Earth have a natural thermostat called carbonate-silicate (Cb-Si) weathering feedback. The Cb-Si feedback is a geochemical cycle that regulates a planet's atmospheric CO2 content over long geological timescales.

When CO2 builds up in the atmosphere, the atmosphere warms. This creates more evaporation and rainfall. Carbonic acid is a weak acid formed in the atmosphere when water combines with carbon dioxide. When a warming atmosphere creates more rain, it also creates more carbonic acid.

Carbonic acid falls on the planet's surface, weathering silicate rocks and removing carbon. The carbon is eventually washed into the sea, where it's taken up in the shells of marine organisms. It falls to the sediment on the ocean floor and is ultimately sequestered back into the crust with help from plate tectonics. The creatures that absorb the carbon into their shells as calcium carbonate play a key role. The carbon in their shells becomes limestone.

This is just the beginning of population-wide characterization of exoplanets and their biotic and abiotic signatures. Instead of looking for the "smoking-gun" signature of life on single worlds, we may be able to detect and identify life through large statistical patterns across numerous worlds. In that case, this work also shows how telescopes with modest observational capabilities can "filter through" the exoplanet population, sparing valuable and expensive observing time on more powerful observatories.

This antibiotic resistance can occur through many routes, one of which is efflux pumps.

These are essentially little pumps that sit in the cell membrane and pump molecules from inside the cell to outside the cell.

Because antibiotics look like the molecules they normally export, the cell decides to make more efflux pumps and therefore, become antibiotic resistant.

These efflux inhibitors could be used in combination with antibiotics, enabling the antibiotic to concentrate within the cell becoming both more effective and able to stop resistance from emerging.