this post was submitted on 01 Jan 2026
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But TCP and IP are layers in the protocol (that are actually used.) some of the layers are then effectively bypassed as you go further up to application layer.
The TCP/IP model is a separate model that only loosely maps on to layers of the OSI model. They're two separate ways of describing how the whole network stack should work, but only one is actually used in the real world.
It maps to L4 and L3
TCP/IP also doesn’t include the media layers L2 and L1 (like MAC and frames.)
Maybe think of OSI as the spec and TCP/IP as the implementation of some portions of that spec.
Like UDP would also be L4. So you would miss that too.
You could think of it that way. But you would be wrong. That's the whole point.
The OSI model is the one used in the real world