Casual Conversation

Tolkien never really makes it clear what happens to men when they die.

The closest thing we get to a statement on it that "their souls go beyond the circles of the world...to dwell with illuvatar."

Dwarves are even less clear. It's likely the same as Men but they seem to have their own beliefs on the topic. They believe that they go to the "Halls of Waiting to await the renewal of the world."

Hobbits, being a mannish race, are the same as Men.

Orcs also are unclear. Tolkien wrote multiple origins for the orcs, none of which made it into his canon books, just his notes that were compiled into the histories.

If they are purely creations of Melkor then killing them would simply destroy them, as they aren't truly alive. Whereas if they are corrupted Elves and Men they would likely experience the same death as their race of origin.

It's also worth noting that Elves don't truly have an afterlife. They have a period of waiting in the Halls of Mandos after which they are reclothed in flesh and can choose to either return to Middle-Earth or remain in valinor.

Also, Frodo, Bilbo, and Sam as ring-bearers were allowed to sail west and live on Tol Eresea, an Island near Valinor so that their injuries from bearing the ring (and in Frodo's case the morgul blade) wouldn't bother them. They still only lived out their natural life span and then died the death of Men.

For it is said that after the departure of the Valar there was silence, and for an age Ilúvatar sat alone in thought. Then he spoke and said: 'Behold I love the Earth, which shall be a mansion for the Quendi [Elves] and the Atani [Men]! But the Quendi shall be the fairest of all earthly creatures, and they shall have and shall conceive and bring forth more beauty than all my Children; and they shall have the greater bliss in the world. But to the Atani I will give a new gift.' Therefore he willed that the hearts of Men should seek beyond the world and should find no rest therein; but they should have a virtue to shape their life, amid the powers and chances of the world, beyond the Music of the Ainur, which is as fate to all things else; and of their operation everything should be, in form and deed, completed, and the world fulfilled unto the last and smallest.... It is one with this gift of freedom that the children of Men dwell only a short space in the world alive, and are not bound to it, and depart soon whither the Elves know not. Whereas the Elves remain until the end of days, and their love of the Earth and all the world is more single and more poignant therefore, and as the years lengthen ever more sorrowful. For the Elves die not till the world dies, unless they are slain or waste in grief (and to both these seeming deaths they are subject); neither does age subdue their strength, unless one grow weary of ten thousand centuries; and dying they are gathered to the halls of Mandos in Valinor, whence they may in time return. But the sons of Men die indeed, and leave the world; wherefore they are called the Guests, or the Strangers. Death is their fate, the gift of Ilúvatar, which as Time wears even the Powers shall envy. But Melkor has cast his shadow upon it, and confounded it with darkness, and brought forth evil out of good, and fear out of hope. Yet of old the Valar declared to the Elves in Valinor that Men shall join in the Second Music of the Ainur; whereas Ilúvatar has not revealed what he purposes for the Elves after the World's end, and Melkor has not discovered it. -The Silmarillion, "Of the Beginning of Days"

Aforetime it was held among the Elves in Middle-earth that dying the Dwarves returned to the earth and the stone of which they were made; yet that is not their own [the Dwarves'] belief. For they say that Aulë the Maker, whom they call Mahal, cares for them, and gathers them to Mandos in halls set apart; and that he declared to their Fathers of old that Ilúvatar will hallow them and give them a place among the Children in the End. Then their part shall be to serve Aulë and to aid him in the remaking of Arda after the Last Battle. They say also that the Seven Fathers of the Dwarves return to live again in their own kin and to bear once more their ancient names: of whom Durin was the most renowned in after ages, father of that kindred most friendly to the Elves, whose mansions were at Khazad-dûm. -The Silmarillion, "Of Aulë and Yavanna"

"Afterlife in LOTR"
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Bruh.

Where Do Orcs Go When They Die? from In Deep Geek explores this somewhat