BevelGear

I've been posting event fliers on the library billboard and on the streets

The American Revolution (1775–83) was a watershed for liberalism. In the Declaration of Independence (1776), Jefferson enunciated many liberal and libertarian ideas, including the belief in “unalienable Rights” to “Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness” and the belief in the “right” and “duty” of citizens to “throw off such Government” that violates these rights. Indeed, during and after the American Revolution, according to the American historian Bernard Bailyn, “the major themes of eighteenth-century libertarianism were brought to realization” in written constitutions, bills of rights, and limits on executive and legislative powers, especially the power to wage war. Such values have remained at the core of American political thought ever since.

The last sentence may need to be updated, if U.S. Citizens remain with their complacency.

Source:

https://www.britannica.com/topic/libertarianism-politics/Historical-origins

The smooth topped, rounded flows seen extending from the base of the crater wall are ‘debris aprons’: remnants of rock-covered glaciers that likely formed when the martian climate allowed ice to accumulate at the mid-latitudes of Mars. Over time, the debris-covered glaciers slowly crept downslope to form the gently sloping bulges seen today.

The erosive action of ice and water has resulted in the considerable widening of the crater of up to twice its original size.

A particularly dramatic example is seen at the right edge of this image, where a wide channel has been gouged out. It is reminiscent of the U-shaped valleys carved by glaciers on Earth. Here, it may have started out in a V-shape due to flowing water – or water draining out from beneath and causing collapse – and later widened during a period of glaciation.

The oblique perspective view was generated from the digital terrain model, the nadir and colour channels of the High Resolution Stereo Camera on ESA’s Mars Express from data collected 25 October 2024.

[Image description: A sweeping view along the crater rim of Deuteronilus Cavus, which transects the image from bottom right to centre-top, focuses on the smooth debris flows that have slid towards the centre of the crater. At the right, a large chunk of the crater wall is missing, forming a U-shaped valley with a grooved floor. Towards the centre of the crater – the far top left of the image – a patch of dark volcanic dust covers the surface. Jumbled blocks are seen in the centre, contrasting the smoother flows around the inner walls.]

CREDIT

ESA/DLR/FU Berlin

https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Space_Science/Mars_Express/Recipe_for_a_rocky_road_crater_soaked_in_martian_history

What is the Junior Professional Programme?

The Junior Professional Programme (JPP) is a structured career-entry path designed for early-career professionals who aspire to work at ESA for the long-term. Unlike short-term internships or fellowships, this four-year contract provides participants with the opportunity to gain in-depth experience, develop their professional skills and establish themselves as integral members of the ESA team.

Through a tailored development plan, you will work on real ESA projects, rotating across different departments and even engaging with external partners in the space sector. You will benefit from dedicated mentoring and professional training to accelerate your career growth.

Cassiopeia A (Cas A) is a supernova remnant located about 11 000 light-years from Earth in the constellation Cassiopeia. It spans approximately 10 light-years. This image, released in April 2023, uses data from Webb’s Mid-Infrared Instrument (MIRI) to reveal Cas A in a new light.

On the remnant’s exterior, particularly at the top and left, lie curtains of material, appearing orange and red, that are due to emission from warm dust. This marks where ejected material from the exploded star is ramming into surrounding circumstellar material.

Interior to this outer shell lie mottled filaments of bright pink studded with clumps and knots. This is material from the star itself, and likely shines due to a mix of various heavy elements and dust emission. The stellar material can also be seen as fainter wisps near the cavity’s interior.

A loop represented in green extends across the right side of the central cavity. Its shape and complexity are unexpected and challenging for scientists to understand.

[Image description: A roughly square image is rotated clockwise about 45 degrees. Within the image is a roughly circular nebula with a complex structure. On the circle’s exterior lie curtains of material glowing orange. Interior to this outer shell lies a ring of mottled filaments of bright pink studded with clumps and knots. At centre right, a greenish loop extends from the right side of the ring into the central cavity. Translucent wisps of blue, green, and red appear throughout the image.]

CREDIT

NASA, ESA, CSA, D. Milisavljevic (Purdue University), T. Temim (Princeton University), I. De Looze (UGent), J. DePasquale (STScI)

This image from the NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope features an H II region in the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC), a satellite galaxy of our Milky Way. This nebula, known as N79, is a region of interstellar atomic hydrogen that is ionised, captured here by Webb’s Mid-InfraRed Instrument (MIRI).

N79 is a massive star-forming complex spanning roughly 1630 light-years in the generally unexplored southwest region of the LMC. N79 is typically regarded as a younger version of 30 Doradus (also known as the Tarantula Nebula), another of Webb’s recent targets. Research suggests that N79 has a star formation efficiency exceeding that of 30 Doradus by a factor of two over the past 500 000 years.

This particular image centres on one of the three giant molecular cloud complexes, dubbed N79 South (S1 for short). The distinct ‘starburst’ pattern surrounding this bright object is a series of diffraction spikes. All telescopes which use a mirror to collect light, as Webb does, have this form of artifact which arises from the design of the telescope. In Webb's case, the six largest starburst spikes appear because of the hexagonal symmetry of Webb's 18 primary mirror segments. Patterns like these are only noticeable around very bright, compact objects, where all the light comes from the same place. Most galaxies, even though they appear very small to our eyes, are darker and more spread out than a single star, and therefore do not show this pattern.

At the longer wavelengths of light captured by MIRI, Webb’s view of N79 showcases the region’s glowing gas and dust. This is because mid-infrared light is able to reveal what is happening deeper inside the clouds (while shorter wavelengths of light would be absorbed or scattered by dust grains in the nebula). Some still-embedded protostars also appear in this field.

Star-forming regions such as this are of interest to astronomers because their chemical composition is similar to that of the gigantic star-forming regions observed when the Universe was only a few billion years old and star formation was at its peak. Star-forming regions in our Milky Way galaxy are not producing stars at the same furious rate as N79, and have a different chemical composition. Webb is now providing astronomers the opportunity to compare and contrast observations of star formation in N79 with the telescope’s deep observations of distant galaxies in the early Universe.

These observations of N79 are part of a Webb programme that is studying the evolution of the circumstellar discs and envelopes of forming stars over a wide range in mass and at different evolutionary stages. Webb’s sensitivity will enable scientists to detect for the first time the planet-forming dust discs around stars of similar mass to that of our Sun at the distance of the LMC.

This image includes 7.7-micron light shown in blue, 10 microns in cyan, 15 microns in yellow, and 21 microns in red (770W, 1000W, 1500W, and 2100W filters, respectively).

[Image description: A bright young star within a colourful nebula. The star is identifiable as the brightest spot in the image, surrounded by six large spokes of light that cross the image. A number of other bright spots can also be seen in the clouds, which are shown in great detail as layers of colourful wisps.]

CREDIT

ESA/Webb, NASA & CSA, M. Meixner

https://www.esa.int/ESA_Multimedia/Images/2024/01/A_massive_cluster_is_born

A beautiful but skewed spiral galaxy dazzles in today’s NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope Picture of the Week. This galaxy, called Arp 184 or NGC 1961, sits about 190 million light-years away from Earth in the constellation Camelopardalis (The Giraffe).

The name Arp 184 comes from the Atlas of Peculiar Galaxies, which was compiled by astronomer Halton Arp in 1966. The 338 galaxies in the atlas are oddly shaped, tending to be neither entirely elliptical nor entirely spiral-shaped. Many of the galaxies are in the process of interacting with other galaxies, while others are dwarf galaxies without well-defined structures. Arp 184 earned its spot in the catalogue thanks to its single broad, star-speckled spiral arm that appears to stretch toward us. The galaxy’s far side sports a few wisps of gas and stars but lacks a similarly impressive spiral arm.

This Hubble image combines data from three Snapshot observing programmes, which are composed of short observations that can be slotted into time gaps between other proposals. One of the three programmes targeted Arp 184 for its peculiar appearance. This programme surveyed galaxies listed in the Atlas of Peculiar Galaxies as well as A Catalogue of Southern Peculiar Galaxies and Associations, a similar catalogue compiled by Halton Arp and Barry Madore.

The remaining two programmes were designed to check up on the aftermath of fleeting astronomical events like supernovae and tidal disruption events — when a star is ripped apart after wandering too close to a supermassive black hole. Since Arp 184 has hosted four known supernovae in the past three decades, it’s a rich target for a supernova hunt.

[Image Description: A spiral galaxy seen at a skewed angle. Its centre is a bright spot radiating light. A thick, stormy disc of material surrounds this, with swirling strands of dark dust and bright spots of star formation strewn through the disc. A large spiral arm extends from the disc towards the viewer. Some foreg

CREDIT

ESA/Hubble & NASA, J. Dalcanton, R. J. Foley

(UC Santa Cruz), C. Kilpatrick

https://www.esa.int/About_Us/Week_in_images/Week_in_images_28_April_-_02_May_2025

Comment: I do not know why the last sentence in their description ends with an incomplete sentence.